Washington Irving predicted our next recession

The US stock market was stuck “in irons,” as sailors describe a ship sitting still in a windless ocean, for most of this year. But recently it tested new highs as earnings reports from banks and the tech sector inflated its sails. Mainstream economists can see no icebergs ahead in their crystal balls. One might describe the current investing climate this way:

Every now and then the world is visited by one of these delusive seasons, when “the credit system” as it is called, expands to full luxuriance; everybody trusts everybody; a bad debt is a thing unheard of; the broad way to certain and sudden wealth lies plain and open; and men are tempted to dash forward boldly, from the facility of borrowing.

Is it time to sell?

The two recent plunges in the stock market have investors’ knees shaking. Is this a normal, healthy correction that forces expectations to align more with reality, or is this the beginning of the big one, the aftershocks of which will take the market down 50% as happened in 2000 and 2008? I’ll be able to tell you in about six months. I only predict the past because forecasting the future is too difficult.

A recent paper by the University of Chicago Booth School of Business professor George M. Constantinides and McGill University’s Anisha Ghosh, “What Information Drives Asset Prices?” offers some insights. One is that the Consumer Price Index and average hourly earnings provide better guidance about the direction of the market than does consumption spending alone. In other words, Keynes was wrong.

But the best insight is that the phase of the business cycle we are in offers the best advice on the market’s future. The authors call the phases “regimes” and use just two, expansion or recession.

The consumption and dividend growth rates have higher means in the first regime than in the second one. Therefore we identify the first regime as the regime of economic expansion, with a higher mean of consumption and dividend growth rates and longer duration than the second regime...In other words, the investor is able to effectively forecast the regime in the next period...”

So the investors who accurately guess whether the next period will usher in a recession or continue the expansion will do better at predicting the market. The authors of the paper assume that investors use a range of macroeconomic variables, including Consumer Price Index and average hourly earnings, to guess what regime or phase of the cycle comes next.

Brick and mortar retail is falling down

Brick and mortar retail is dying according to many reports. Here’s an example:

American retailers are closing stores at the fastest pace ever.

Roughly 10% of mall retail space - or 1 billion square feet - is on the verge of being closed, having rents slashed or transformed into something else. And in March, retailers cut 30,000 jobs, the same as in February.

It was the worst two-month span of job cuts for the sector since 2009 - during the depths of the Great Recession!

This year, as many as 8,640 total stores may close - which would outpace the 6,200 closed in 2008.

And as I've pointed out for years, it's because the companies failed to adapt. They were slow to recognize the changing tides and are now being destroyed by a single company... Amazon .”

Caterpillar needed the Austrian business-cycle theory

Caterpillar is facing its fourth year of declining sales, the longest in its history. It expects total revenue this year to be 39% below its peak in 2012 and profits will be down 68%. Its stock is now 25% below its peak. Through the first six months of 2016, the company’s overall revenue was down 21% from the same period in last year.

CEO Doug Oberhelman is stepping down, but when he took the reins in 2010 the world, especially China, couldn’t get enough metals. Prices were soaring and everyone thought the good times would last. That’s the first mistake most investors and businessmen make – linear forecasting instead of thinking in terms of cycles. Oberhelman should have understood cycles after working for Caterpillar for 35 years. The capital goods sector is the most volatile in the business cycle. But he didn’t understand them. Caterpillar’s problems began when it invested heavily at the peak of a cycle according to an article in the Wall Street Journal:

The Damage that NIRP does

Bloomberg carried a story a few weeks ago on Denmark, which has been “blessed” with a negative interest rate policy (NIRP) longer than any other developed nation. The authors asserted that the horror stories about low interest rates with which economists have typically frightened us for decades haven’t come true in the Scandinavian country, so economics must be wrong.

Of course, the Bloomberg journalists have forgotten the primary caveat of economic reasoning – ceteris paribus, or all other things being equal. The horror of money printing, such as the disaster that nearly destroyed Germany in the early 1920s, caused hyperinflation and a plummeting exchange rate. Those haven’t afflicted Denmark, or any other major country, yet, because everything hasn’t remained ceteris or paribus.

When every nation reduces rates in concert, it has no impact on exchange rates. And it may not cause much inflation. The idea that it must cause price inflation or economics is wrong comes from a blockheaded view of the quantity theory of money. Again, ceteris paribus applies. Printing money (or technically credit expansion via low interest rates) will cause price inflation if nothing else in the economy changes. But money printing doesn’t work mechanically. Japan should know. The Bank of Japan has desperately tried to create inflation through money printing for the past 30 years.

Sector rotation confirms ABCT

Mark Skousen in his excellent economics text, The Structure of Production, shows that professions on the front line such as accountants and investing experts, follow the Austrian business-cycle theory (ABCT) often without know it. Schwab confirmed that in March of this year with a chart titled “The Business Cycle: How Does Each Sector Perform.”

The chart divides the business cycle into four segments – early expansion, maturing expansion, late expansion and recession – and shows which sectors perform the best in each segment of the cycle. I do something similar in Financial Bull Riding but use segments of the cycle described by Lord Overton in the mid-1800s.

Golf, economics and fundamentalist investing

Scottish people will always have trouble getting into heaven because they have tempted humanity with two infamous inventions: golf and economics. They’re trying to make up for it with their whiskey, and doing a pretty good job, but the final judgment is up to someone else.

Golf offers a few lessons that would help economists as investors if they would pay attention. The chief lesson is get back to the fundamentals. Fundamentalism has become a curse word lately, but in Christianity it originally meant one who held to the doctrines of the virgin birth, deity, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, that is, the fundamentals of the faith. Fundamentalists were distinguishing their concept of Christianity from the modernists who denied all of the fundamentals but for some strange reason, or out of pure dishonesty, continued to call themselves Christians. Twenty years ago a few journalists intent on advertising their ignorance began misusing the word and today a fundamentalist is the vilest murderer on the planet.

We should rescue the term from ignorant journalists. (Other words need rescuing as well, such as liberal and justice.)Those who practice the fundamentals of any discipline are fundamentalists and the fundamentals are important in most areas of life. In football the fundamentals are blocking and tackling. With investing, fundamental analysis is extremely important. In golf they’re grip and swing, according to the golf masterpiece, Harvey Penick’s Little Red Book. Penick recommends revisiting the fundamentals when you’re golf scores suffer from inflation. Are there any fundamentals in economics that could rescue the field from the macro confusion that threatens it today? Yes. The fundamentals of economics are in micro.

Two schools of macroeconomics exist – Austrian and mainstream. But the mainstream world is split between paleo-Keynes, neo-Keynes, monetary and neoclassical. In spite of their common origins, they imitate their socialist counterparts in other fields by fracturing and fighting over insignificant details. All of them pretend that micro doesn’t exist and try to build their systems through correlations of aggregates, such as aggregate demand, aggregate supply, savings, investment, exports, money supply and GDP.

On the other hand, Austrian economics builds up its macro on the certain fundamentals of micro. There are no schools in micro. Micro is just micro because the principles of micro are the most certain in all of economics. No good economist disputes the laws of supply and demand, or diminishing marginal returns, though mainstream macro pretends they don’t exist.

The focus of Austrian economists on the fundamentals has enabled them to craft the best business-cycle model in the field. Mainstream economists are still stuck, after eighty years, with “crap happens!” They call it “shocks,” but it’s the same thing.

So if you find you investing landing in the rough, try getting back to the fundamentals: the market follows profits and profits follow the business cycle, the Austrian business-cycle.

Big Short – good movie, bad economics

The outlaw couple Bonnie and Clyde was not only famous for their bank robberies in the 1930s, they were popular. They lost some of their appeal when they began murdering policemen, but people loved the fact that they robbed banks because the people hated banks. They had watched banks foreclose on farm families during the Dust Bowl and depression. Committing the economic sin of fixating on the seen while ignoring the unseen, an error first identified by the great French economist Frederick Bastiat, they blamed the bankers for the farming disasters.

People have loved to hate bankers for centuries, often for good reason. Until the creation of the FDIC, depositors occasionally lost their life savings to bank failures. Now they don’t, but the people see banks constantly bailed out by governments when they make bad decisions and then foreclosing on borrowers who have made decisions that were no worse.

So it was no surprise that the movie The Big Short blamed greedy bankers for the recent Great Recession. I reviewed the book on which the movie was based, Michael Lewis’ The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine, here. As I noted then, Lewis’ economics is terrible, but the book is a great read because at its heart it glorifies the difficulties, hard work and genius of entrepreneurs and the heroes of the film are entrepreneurs.

The real economy will end the expansion, not the Fed

The Fed has done an excellent job of preparing the world for this rate hike so it was already built into market prices. Don’t expect much to happen.

Some economists expect rising interest rates to kill the “recovery” and plunge the US economy into a recession. And of course the standard Austrian business-cycle theory teaches that rises rates will cut short an expansion. But as I have written before, recessions can happen without rising rates because of the Ricardo Effect.

But the idea that tight money is the only cause of recessions, as monetarists claim, is an example of the post hoc fallacy: because recessions happen after several rate increases by central banks, people think the event that happened first caused the one that happened later. It’s similar to attributing the rising of the sun every morning to roosters crowing.

Watch out for falling productivity

The government reported recently that productivity in the US rose 1.3% from the last quarter, but that was little comfort to the Maestro, Alan Greenspan, who is worried about the collapse in productivity. Investors should be worried as well. StreetInsider.com reported Greenspan saying:

I think it's the most serious problem that confronts not only the United States but the world at large and more exactly the developed world especially. American productivity is not significantly different from zero growth in the last 6 or 8 quarters. And the cause of that, if you work backwards through the causative chain is capital investment has been inadequate to fund the amount of assets that you need.

The interviewer, Tom Keene responded with “There was a moment when we were bewildered by why nation's productivity was so good and America running on all cylinders. It is a distant memory.”

Why has productivity fallen and what does it mean? The answer lies in Hayek’s Ricardo Effect. Profits in consumer goods sectors will peak near the end of the expansion phase of a business cycle. Profits rise because investment in capital goods sectors has increased employment, and therefore demand for consumer goods before new consumer goods arrive on the market. Prices and profits rise in step.

Housing bubble reincarnated as oil

We took my six-month old grandson to the park this weekend and put him into a baby swing for the first time. He couldn't decide if it was fun or not and took turns crying for a while then laughing for a while. I think of that when I read about the oil bubble.

The Fed has reincarnated the real estate bubble of the early 2000s in the current tsunami of oil. To see how, we need summon the help of the Austrian Business-Cycle Theory (ABCT). The ABCT says that Fed induced interest rates below  the rate that the market would naturally set causes excess borrowing and investment in capital goods industries, not a general over investment, but bad investments in particular industries. The market reveals those excess investments through falling prices that cut into profits, reduce employment and spark a recession in the economy.

A Viennese Waltz vs a Stumbling Drunk

Mark Skousen is one of my favorite living economists because of my bias for the practical. Skousen has a PhD in economics, but he chose to pursue a career in the private sector as an investment adviser rather than one in academia or government. We need more great economists like Skousen. Their impact will be much greater than that of academics because those of us who need practical advice are much greater than the number of people who will major in economics in college. Also, if you wander through the blogs of Austrian academics you’ll find that academics spend a great deal of time on Quixotic efforts like trying to change Fed policy or reform mainstream economics.

Laissez Faire Books has released a collection of essays by Skousen with the clever title A Viennese Waltz Down Wall Street: Austrian Economics for Investors. It answers the classic book A Random Walk down Wall Street, by Burt Malkiel that promotes the mainstream vision of the Efficient Market Hypothesis.

Dow 17000!

The Dow Jones Industrial Average crossed the 17,000 mark for the first time this year. What does it mean?

The market is somewhere in the Excitement stage of the Overstone cycle of trade.  Overstone described business cycles in the mid-19^th century. Starting at the six o’clock position in the graphic, the cycle begins with Stagnation, the depths of the depression with high unemployment. Stage two is Improvement, followed by Confidence, then Prosperity, Excitement, and last, Convulsion.

If you enlarge the graphic you’ll notice Overstone’s sense of humor. In the Excitement phase, crowds fight to get into the building with the sign “South Pole Warming Company” while a machine lifted by four hot air balloons flies over the building. In the Convulsion stage the Royal Bubble Bank explodes and sends people flying.

George Soros describes the Excitement stage as one in which the stock market becomes disconnected from the real economy, but Soros is thinking like a mainstream economist and assumes that the market has an intrinsic value somewhere close to the net present value. In reality, investors are merely adjusting their risk tolerance for the prevailing interest rates and opportunity costs. With ridiculously low interest rates, investors are showing greater tolerance for risk and a thirst for yield. One of the main drivers of stock prices is the changing discount rate of investors. 

What that means is that PE ratios may continue to rise and there is no way of knowing how far. But investors will have to come back to ground when profits start to fail. We are entering the profit reporting season for the third quarter and it may give us market direction.

At this stage in the cycle investors need patience most of all, but that's what they lack according to this quote from the Wall Street Journal newsletter Wealth Adviser: 

The market’s rarest commodity: patience. Benjamin Roth’s diary of the Great Depression is highly relevant today, as is his notion of why the wealthy investors’ club is an exclusive one. In a Motley Fool column, Morgan Housel cites some excerpts, including this one: “Most people do not have the patience to wait for the bad break. The average speculator is tied up in the market to the hilt when the break comes and has no liquid cash for the bargains that prevail.”

So when the market crashes as it did in 2000 or 2008, their wealth gets caught in the whirlpool and gets flushed.

Not only do investors need patience, but we need to be willing to be wrong as Spitznagel wrote in The Dao of Investing. Investors who followed his MS Index might have exited the market last year and missed the latest run ups to record highs. Friends and family would be mocking them and they might suffer from regret. But if they stick with the index they will earn more in dollars over time by avoiding the major collapse that is coming, even if it is another year away. As Spitznagel wrote, it's counterintuitive, like many of the teachings of the Dao.

Many advisers can find good value stocks when the market is high, but keep in mind what Benjamin Graham wrote about buying unloved stocks when the market is high. Investors won't love those stocks more when the market collapses. They will drop with the crowd.

Led by the Fed Investing Advice

If you have followed this blog, or read Financial Bull Riding, you’ll know that the stock market tends to follow the business cycle and Fed monetary policy determines the business cycle for the most part. So I was very interested to read this title: "Voices: SteveKrawick, on Asset Allocation Guided by Fed Policy." Krawick wrote

 “There are four phases in a Fed cycle. Today we're in the fourth and final phase of the cycle that began around 2008. This phase is marked by an accommodating Fed, which means low interest rates. Historically, in this environment, consumer discretionary stocks and financials have outperformed S&P benchmarks and their peer sectors. So, during this cycle, we have our clients overweight in that sector and underweight in others like industrials, materials, and technologies, which tend to underperform under current conditions.”

Markov Confirms ABCT

Greg Davies and Arnaud de Servigny offer a different take on diversification in their book Behavioral Investment Management: An Efficient Alternative to Modern Portfolio Theory. Chapter 6, “Representing Asset Return Dynamics in an Uncertain Environment was the most interesting chapter to me, and the one that adds confirmation to using the ABCT as a guide to timing the market. 

Modern portfolio theory tells investors to diversify their portfolios at least between two asset classes, stocks and bonds. A simplistic summary of the method is to use the statistical measure called standard deviation to assess the risks of asset classes and diversify according to risk. But in reality, advisers have found that a fixed ratio, say 70% stocks and 30% bonds, often works better without requiring as much work. 

Presidential Returns

In honor of President's Day this week I decided to take a look at a popular cyclical candidate running to help you time the stock market - the presidential election cycle. Jeffrey Hirsch, chief market strategist at the Magnet Æ Fund and author of The Little Book of Stock Market Cycles wrote about the technique in "Using Seasonal and Cyclical Stock Market Patterns" in the June issue of AAII's Journal. Hirsch's Stock Trader's Almanac has followed this cycle for fifty years and found it profitable.

Here is his graph of the average returns for the Dow Jones Industrial Average in each year of the four-year cycle from 1833-2012:

 

Hirsch explains that, "In an effort to gain reelection, presidents tend to take care of most of their more painful initiatives in the first half of their term and 'prime the pump' in the second half so the electorate is most prosperous when they enter the voting booths. The 'making of presidents' is accompanied by an unsubtle manipulation of the economy...By Election Day, he will have danced his way into the wallets and hearts of the electorate and, it is hoped, will have choreographed four more years in the White House for his party."

After the election, reality asserts control:

Bubble Detectives

“One important conclusion is that the probability that the S&P 500 index is currently in a bubble is only 20-33 per cent,” according to Gavyn Davies in his recent article for the Financial Times, “How to detect amarket bubble.” “But that could change fairly quickly during 2014 if the recent pace of advance in equity prices continues.”

Davies approves of the New Palgrave definition of a financial bubble:

Bubbles are typically associated with dramatic asset price increases followed by a collapse. Bubbles arise if the price exceeds the asset’s fundamental value. This can occur if investors hold the asset because they believe that they can sell it at a higher price to some other investor even though the asset’s price exceeds its fundamental value.

Davies then mentions two other bubble detectors:

Based on the Shiller cyclically adjusted p/e (CAPE), the probability of a bubble is estimated at 33 per cent in December 2013, while the price/dividend model produces a bubble probability of 20 per cent.

Size Matters

Size matters in investing as much as in other human endeavors. Bigger is better for most activities; Goliath usually defeats David. But financial economists have known for decades that small is the new big: investing in smaller firms increases investor returns a great deal over investing in the Blue Chips. Eugene Fama had to add firm size and value investing, to the Capital Asset Pricing Model to make it work. 

Recently the journal of the American Association of Individual Investors carried an article in its January issue on the subject of firm size, “Exploiting the Relative Outperformance of Small-Cap Stocks” by John B. Davenport, Ph.D., and M. Fred Meissner. The conclusions are striking:

• Small caps outperformed large caps 51% of the time between 1926 and 2012, but realized a cumulative excess return of 253%.

• Investors have higher probabilities of capturing small-cap excess returns in times of economic expansion immediately following recessionary periods.

• Small-cap sectors realize higher returns than large-cap stocks when the large-cap sectors are in favor.

Financial Bull Riding

Laissez Faire Books, the great publisher of books defending the free market, has agreed to publish my book Financial Bull Riding as an e-book this December. In short, the book uses the Austrian Business Cycle Theory to help investors time entries and exits in the market.

Mainstream conventional wisdom says to buy and hold and index of the market and just bite the bullet when the market collapses by 50% as it did in 2008. However, investors can grow their nest eggs much faster and with less risk if they do nothing but avoid such disasters.

The book examines the faulty economic theory behind conventional investment wisdom, especially the idea that business cycles are random events, explains the ABCT and offers some guidelines for investing. Here is the table of contents as of today:

Foxhole conversions

There are no atheists in foxholes is an old saying meant to express what crisis will do to one's thinking. The recent crisis has encouraged many mainstream economists to look at what is wrong with their theories that prevented them from seeing the crisis coming. As a result, prominent mainstream economists have begun incorporating at least parts of the Austrian business cycle theory in their work.

 Coordination Problem discussed a recently published paper by Guillermo Calvo of Columbia University and the National Bureau of Economic Research, “Puzzling over the Anatomy of Crises: Liquidity and the Veil of Finance.” Calvo wrote the following:

“Critical Puzzle 1. There is a growing empirical literature purporting to show that financial crises are preceded by credit booms (Mendoza and Terrones (2008), Schularik and Taylor (2012), Agosin and Huaita (2012), Borio (2012)). This was a central theme in the Austrian School of Economics (see Hayek (2008), Mises (1952))...”